Docs/vpn/practical-vpns.xml

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   5 <article>
   6   <articleinfo>
   7     <title>Practical VPNs</title>
   8     <subtitle>Implementing Full-scale VPNs</subtitle>
   9
  10     <author>
  11       <firstname>Liran</firstname>
  12       <surname>Tal</surname>
  13       <affiliation>
  14         <address>
  15           <email>liran@enginx.com</email>
  16         </address>
  17       </affiliation>
  18     </author>
  19
  20     <othercredit>
  21       <firstname>Yakov</firstname>
  22       <surname>Shtutz</surname>
  23       <contrib>Testing and feedback</contrib>
  24     </othercredit>
  25
  26     <othercredit>
  27       <firstname>Shahar</firstname>
  28       <surname>Fermon</surname>
  29       <contrib>Testing and feedback</contrib>
  30     </othercredit>
  31
  32     <abstract>
  33       <para>This document was compiled from the administrator's point of
  34         view, to explain what are VPNs, how they are deployed today
  35         and to detail the necessary steps and tools to achieve and
  36         create a fully working VPN solution, integrated with RADIUS
  37         systems for AAA.</para>
  38
  39       <para>I will not dwell in this document on how to compile source
  40         packages or kernel patching, and with the same tone I'm
  41         assuming the reader is an exprerienced Linux user.</para>
  42
  43       <para>VPNs have their share amount of gossip for being a very
  44         complex thing, and in some cases this may be true as they tend
  45         to be more security intenssive which require adding more and
  46         more layers to the scheme.  With this said, we'll take a look
  47         at how fairly straight-forward it is to setup VPNs and
  48         maintain them with varius Open-Source tools.</para>
  49     </abstract>
  50   </articleinfo>
  51
  52   <sect1 id="overview">
  53     <title>Overview of VPNs and IPsec</title>
  54     <sect2 id="vpns">
  55       <title>Virtual Private Networks</title>
  56       <para>The purpose of a VPN is to create a secure channel ontop of an
  57         un-secure medium, where a computer or a device are put in each
  58         end-point in order to establish communication, each of these
  59         end-points are often reffered to as Point of Presense, or POP.
  60         This kind of a communication allows the capability of creating
  61         a Virtual Private Network, which is accesable over a medium
  62         such as the Internet and thus, extend the physical boundaries
  63         of an existing local network.</para>
  64
  65       <para>VPNs have three forms:
  66         <variablelist>
  67           <varlistentry>
  68             <term>Site-To-Site VPNs</term>
  69             <listitem>
  70               <para>
  71                 these setups exist in order to extend the local network
  72                 to create a much bigger LAN over the Internet.
  73               </para>
  74             </listitem>
  75           </varlistentry>
  76
  77           <varlistentry>
  78             <term>Network-To-Host or Remote access VPNs</term>
  79             <listitem>
  80               <para>
  81                 where a central VPN server is able to achieve multiple
  82                 connections, often reffered to as RoadWarrior VPNs.
  83                 (This setup is very common among ISPs)
  84               </para>
  85             </listitem>
  86           </varlistentry>
  87
  88           <varlistentry>
  89             <term>Network-To-Network</term>
  90             <listitem>
  91               <para>
  92                 extranet VPNs allow secure connections within branches
  93                 and business partners, they are an extension of a
  94                 Site-To-Site VPNs.
  95               </para>
  96             </listitem>
  97           </varlistentry>
  98         </variablelist>
  99       </para>
 100
 101       <para><xref linkend="site-to-site"/> shows a Site-To-Site VPN diagram.
 102         <figure id="site-to-site" float="1">
 103           <title>Site to Site VPN</title>
 104           <mediaobject>
 105             <imageobject>
 106               <imagedata fileref="site-to-site-vpn.png"/>
 107             </imageobject>
 108           </mediaobject>
 109         </figure>
 110       </para>
 111
 112       <para>IP/VPNs are connections which are based upon IP tunnels.  A
 113         tunnel is a way to encapsulate an IP packet inside another IP
 114         packet or some other type of packet.  Why do we need
 115         tunneling?  A Virtual Private Network is identified by IANA's
 116         private IP assignments and so such packet can not go beyond
 117         the uplink Internet interface.</para>
 118
 119       <para><xref linkend="tunneling-process"/> shows the tunneling process.
 120         <figure id="tunneling-process" float="1">
 121           <title>Tunneling Process</title>
 122           <mediaobject>
 123             <imageobject>
 124               <imagedata fileref="tunneling-process.png"/>
 125             </imageobject>
 126           </mediaobject>
 127         </figure>
 128       </para>
 129
 130       <para>Several tunneling protocols are available for manifesting
 131         VPNs.
 132
 133         <variablelist>
 134           <varlistentry>
 135             <term>L2F</term>
 136             <listitem>
 137               <para>Layer 2 Forwarding, an older implementation which assume
 138                 position at the link layer of the OSI.  It has no
 139                 encryption capabilities and hence, deprecated.</para>
 140             </listitem>
 141           </varlistentry>
 142
 143           <varlistentry>
 144             <term>L2TP</term>
 145             <listitem>
 146               <para>Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, still no encryption
 147                 capabilities.</para>
 148             </listitem>
 149           </varlistentry>
 150
 151           <varlistentry>
 152             <term>PPTP</term>
 153             <listitem>
 154               <para>Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, and yet again, no
 155                 encryption.</para>
 156             </listitem>
 157           </varlistentry>
 158         </variablelist>
 159       </para>
 160
 161       <para>As seen, the requirement of encryption enhancement is
 162         urgent in order to assure authentication, data integrity and
 163         privacy.  IPsec solves this by providing a suite of security
 164         measures implemented at layer 3.</para>
 165     </sect2>
 166
 167     <sect2 id="ipsec">
 168       <title>IP Security Suite (IPsec)</title>
 169       <para>VPN Security is now appearing, this complex things.  How so?
 170         VPN tunnels by themselves are easily maintained by
 171         single-standalone tools like pppd, l2tpns, stunnel and others.
 172         Involving security with VPNs though requires more:
 173
 174         <itemizedlist>
 175           <listitem>
 176             <para>authentication, data integrity and privacy</para>
 177           </listitem>
 178
 179           <listitem>
 180             <para>keying management</para>
 181           </listitem>
 182         </itemizedlist>
 183       </para>
 184
 185       <note>
 186         <para>Keys are secrets being shared by two end-points to provide a
 187           secure mean of communication against a third-party connection
 188           from sniffing the actual data.</para>
 189       </note>
 190
 191       <para>Different ways to handle key management include RADIUS (Remote
 192         Authentication Dial In User Service) systems which provide AAA
 193         (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting).  Another
 194         solution is ISAKMP/Oackly - Internet Security Association and
 195         Key Management Protocol.  This solution requires you to posess
 196         one of the following:
 197
 198         <itemizedlist>
 199           <listitem>
 200             <para>something you have</para>
 201           </listitem>
 202
 203           <listitem>
 204             <para>something you know</para>
 205           </listitem>
 206
 207           <listitem>
 208             <para>something you are</para>
 209           </listitem>
 210         </itemizedlist>
 211       </para>
 212
 213       <para>The more requirements you meet the more secure is the
 214         medium, once established.  Let's review, something we have is
 215         like a certificate, it proves who we are.  Something we know,
 216         is a key, a secret password which we were told in a whisper,
 217         and something we are is our-fingerprint which identifies
 218         ourselves from other individuals.</para>
 219
 220       <sect3 id="ipsec-in-depth">
 221         <title>IPsec in Depth</title>
 222         <para>IPsec consists of two main protocols, an Authentication
 223           Header and Encapsulation Security Payload, also known as AH
 224           and ESP.  Although it is not bound to these and can be
 225           extended (and often is) to other standarts such as
 226
 227           <itemizedlist>
 228             <listitem>
 229               <para>Data Encryption Standart (DES and 3DES)</para>
 230             </listitem>
 231
 232             <listitem>
 233               <para>Diffie-Hellman (DH)</para>
 234             </listitem>
 235
 236             <listitem>
 237               <para>Secure Hash Algorithm-1 (SHA1)</para>
 238             </listitem>
 239
 240             <listitem>
 241               <para>Message Digest 5 (MD5)</para>
 242             </listitem>
 243
 244             <listitem>
 245               <para>Internet Key Exchange (IKE)</para>
 246             </listitem>
 247
 248             <listitem>
 249               <para>Certification Authorities (CA)</para>
 250             </listitem>
 251           </itemizedlist>
 252         </para>
 253
 254         <para>We'll be deploying an IKE daemon to handle the key
 255           management, which uses the Diffie- Hellman cryptography
 256           protocol in order to allow two parties to establish a
 257           connection based upon a shared secret key that both parties
 258           posess.  (Authentication within IKE is handled by MD5
 259           hashing)</para>
 260
 261         <para>IKE is responsible for authentication of two IPsec parties,
 262           negotiation of keys for encryption algorithms and security
 263           associations.  This process is commonly regarded as two
 264           phases:
 265
 266           <variablelist>
 267             <varlistentry>
 268               <term>Phase 1: IKE Security Association</term>
 269               <listitem>
 270                 <para>The IKE daemon authenticates against the peers in
 271                   order to achieve a secure channel, according to the
 272                   Diffie-Hellman key agreement.</para>
 273               </listitem>
 274             </varlistentry>
 275
 276             <varlistentry>
 277               <term>Phase 2: IKE IPsec Negotiation</term>
 278               <listitem>
 279                 <para>After achieving an authenticated channel, the
 280                   parties now negotiate a secure transform (the way to
 281                   encrypt and secure the medium) where the sender is
 282                   offering his/hers transform set after which the
 283                   receiver decides upon one.  An IPsec session can now
 284                   safely begin.</para>
 285               </listitem>
 286             </varlistentry>
 287           </variablelist>
 288         </para>
 289
 290         <para>Just to be clear, a Security Association is an agreed
 291           relation between two parties which describes how they will
 292           use security services (from IPsec) to communicate.</para>
 293       </sect3>
 294
 295       <sect3 id="ipsec-modes">
 296         <title>IPsec Modes</title>
 297         <para>IPsec can operate in two different modes:
 298
 299           <variablelist>
 300             <varlistentry>
 301               <term>Transport mode</term>
 302               <listitem>
 303                 <para>takes place when two devices (like a station and a
 304                   gateway (now considered a host)) are establishing a
 305                   connection which upon they both support IPsec.</para>
 306               </listitem>
 307             </varlistentry>
 308
 309             <varlistentry>
 310               <term>Tunnel mode</term>
 311               <listitem>
 312                 <para>we require tunnel mode when we proxy IPsec
 313                   connetions between two stations behind the IPsec
 314                   gateway.  For example, in a Site-to-Site VPN a
 315                   tunnel mode lives, since it exists in order to
 316                   provide the stations behind these gateways runing
 317                   the VPN/IPsec to communicate securely.  In this
 318                   situation, both end-points are runing an IPsec
 319                   software.</para>
 320               </listitem>
 321             </varlistentry>
 322           </variablelist>
 323         </para>
 324
 325         <para>In definition, a tunnel mode IPsec is better secured than
 326           transport.  Without going too deep into the ins-and-outs of
 327           the technical side, transport mode doesn't encapsulate the
 328           actual IP layer but only the tcp/udp (Transport layer of the
 329           OSI) where-as a tunnel mode encapsulate both the Transport
 330           layer and the IP layer into a new IP packet.</para>
 331
 332         <para>To summarize, we need VPNs for data-exchange methods and a
 333           set of IPsec tools for security reasons.</para>
 334       </sect3>
 335     </sect2>
 336   </sect1>
 337
 338   <sect1 id="deployment">
 339     <title>VPN Deployment</title>
 340     <para>I've assembled another diagram to view the actual VPN setup.
 341       <xref linkend="vpn-deployment"/> gives a general description of
 342       how the network will be layed out in real-world scenario.
 343
 344       <figure id="vpn-deployment" float="1">
 345         <title>VPN Deployment</title>
 346         <mediaobject>
 347           <imageobject>
 348             <imagedata fileref="vpn-deployment.png"/>
 349           </imageobject>
 350         </mediaobject>
 351       </figure>
 352     </para>
 353
 354     <para>We notice that a single Linux box is acting as a Gateway and
 355       has all the services included with it.  This is a bad idea from a
 356       security prespective but it's easy to just deploy the FreeRADIUS
 357       and MySQL servers on another machine.  Of course the L2TPns and
 358       the rest of the IPsec tools suite would have to remain on the
 359       Gateway box (not necessarily the Firewall).</para>
 360
 361     <para><xref linkend="vpn-process"/> attempts to explain the actual
 362       process that the VPN takes and to detail the place that each of
 363       that application-in-charge takes place.
 364
 365       <figure id="vpn-process" float="1">
 366         <title>VPN Process</title>
 367         <mediaobject>
 368           <imageobject>
 369             <imagedata fileref="vpn-process.png"/>
 370           </imageobject>
 371         </mediaobject>
 372       </figure>
 373     </para>
 374
 375     <sect2 id="deployment-requirements">
 376       <title>Requirements</title>
 377       <sect3 id="deployment-requirements-toolbox">
 378         <title>The Toolbox</title>
 379         <para>Following is a description of the requirements you will
 380           have to meet:
 381
 382           <variablelist>
 383             <varlistentry>
 384               <term>A Linux box</term>
 385               <listitem>
 386                 <para>preferably a 2.4.27 kernel or higher.</para>
 387                 <para>Debian is the chosen distribution which means we'll
 388                   be using apt-get for installation, but I'll also focus
 389                   on basic source tarballs installation.</para>
 390
 391                 <para>Dependencies:
 392
 393                   <itemizedlist>
 394                     <listitem>
 395                       <para>ipsec configuration in the kernel</para>
 396                     </listitem>
 397                   </itemizedlist>
 398                 </para>
 399               </listitem>
 400             </varlistentry>
 401
 402             <varlistentry>
 403               <term>L2TPns</term>
 404               <listitem>
 405                 <para>an L2TP PPP Termination tool.</para>
 406                 <para>
 407                   Dependencies:
 408
 409                   <itemizedlist>
 410                     <listitem>
 411                       <para>libcli 1.8.0 or greater</para>
 412                     </listitem>
 413
 414                     <listitem>
 415                       <para>tun/tap interface compiled in the kernel or
 416                         as a module</para>
 417                     </listitem>
 418                   </itemizedlist>
 419                 </para>
 420               </listitem>
 421             </varlistentry>
 422
 423             <varlistentry>
 424               <term>FreeRADIUS</term>
 425               <listitem>
 426                 <para>For authentication, and accounting.</para>
 427               </listitem>
 428             </varlistentry>
 429
 430             <varlistentry>
 431               <term>MySQL</term>
 432               <listitem>
 433                 <para>To act as a back-end database for the RADIUS.</para>
 434               </listitem>
 435             </varlistentry>
 436
 437             <varlistentry>
 438               <term>OpenSwan</term>
 439               <listitem>
 440                 <para>Provides the ipsec suite package.</para>
 441               </listitem>
 442             </varlistentry>
 443           </variablelist>
 444         </para>
 445       </sect3>
 446
 447       <sect3 id="deployment-requirements-kernel">
 448         <title>Kernel Support</title>
 449         <para>Debian stock kernel 2.4.27 and up are ipsec compatible
 450           although if you think otherwise check for the
 451           kernel-patch-openswan package.</para>
 452       </sect3>
 453     </sect2>
 454
 455     <sect2 id="deployment-installation">
 456       <title>Installation</title>
 457       <sect3 id="deployment-installation-l2tpns">
 458         <title>L2TPns</title>
 459         <sect4 id="deployment-installation-l2tpns-install">
 460           <title>Installation</title>
 461           <blockquote>
 462             <para>L2TPns is a layer 2 tunneling protocol network server
 463               (LNS).  It supports up to 65535 concurrent sessions per
 464               server/cluster plus ISP features such as rate limiting,
 465               walled garden, usage accounting, and more.</para>
 466           </blockquote>
 467
 468           <para>In a personal note - L2TPns is highly configurable for
 469             many cases, and extremely reliable for
 470             production/commerical use.</para>
 471
 472           <para>
 473             <variablelist>
 474               <varlistentry>
 475                 <term>Step 1:</term>
 476                 <listitem>
 477                   <para>Make sure you have libcli-1.8 development
 478                     package installed:
 479                     <screen># apt-cache search libcli
 480 libcli-dev - emulates a cisco style telnet command-line interface (dev files)
 481 libcli1 - emulates a cisco style telnet command-line interface
 482 # apt-get install libcli-dev</screen>
 483                   </para>
 484                 </listitem>
 485               </varlistentry>
 486
 487               <varlistentry>
 488                 <term>Step 2:</term>
 489                 <listitem>
 490                   <para>Download the source from
 491                     <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/l2tpns/">
 492                     SourceForge</ulink>.</para>
 493                 </listitem>
 494               </varlistentry>
 495
 496               <varlistentry>
 497                 <term>Step 3:</term>
 498                 <listitem>
 499                   <para>Build and install:
 500                     <code>make &amp;&amp; make install</code></para>
 501                 </listitem>
 502               </varlistentry>
 503             </variablelist>
 504           </para>
 505
 506           <note>
 507             <para>Alternately, you can skip these steps and simply
 508               <code>apt-get install l2tpns</code>.</para>
 509           </note>
 510
 511           <note>
 512             <para>On RPM-based distributions, you should be able to make
 513               packages from the libcli and l2tpns source tarballs with
 514               <code>rpmbuild -ta</code>.</para>
 515           </note>
 516
 517           <para>Once compiliation is done you will have l2tpns in
 518             <filename>/usr/sbin/l2tpns</filename>, and all
 519             configuration files can be found in
 520             <filename>/etc/l2tpns/</filename>.</para>
 521         </sect4>
 522
 523         <sect4 id="deployment-installation-l2tpns-config">
 524           <title>Configuration</title>
 525           <para>The only configuration that L2TPns takes is
 526             centralized in the configuration file
 527             <filename>/etc/l2tpns/startup-config</filename>.
 528             <programlisting>set debug 2                               # Debugging level
 529 set log_file "/var/log/l2tpns"            # Log file: comment out to use stderr, use
 530                                           # "syslog:facility" for syslog
 531 set pid_file "/var/run/l2tpns.pid"        # Write pid to this file
 532 set l2tp_secret <emphasis>"secret"</emphasis>                  # shared secret
 533 set primary_dns <emphasis>212.117.128.6</emphasis>             # Only 2 DNS server entries are allowed
 534 set secondary_dns <emphasis>212.117.129.3</emphasis>
 535 set primary_radius <emphasis>192.168.0.1</emphasis>            # Can have multiple radius server entries,
 536                                           # but ony one radius secret
 537 set primary_radius_port 1812
 538 set radius_secret <emphasis>"radius_secret"</emphasis>
 539 set radius_accounting yes
 540 set radius_dae_port 3799
 541 set accounting_dir "/var/run/l2tpns/acct" # Write usage accounting files into specified
 542                                           # directory
 543 set peer_address <emphasis>192.168.0.1</emphasis>              # Gateway address given to clients
 544 load plugin "sessionctl"                  # Drop/kill sessions
 545 load plugin "autothrottle"                # Throttle/snoop based on RADIUS
 546 load plugin "throttlectl"                 # Control throttle/snoop with nsctl
 547 load plugin "snoopctl"</programlisting>
 548           </para>
 549
 550           <para>This is the trimmed down version of probably most of
 551             the common configuration and even some extra options.</para>
 552
 553           <para>Important configuration options are highlited and you
 554             should adjust these to meet your network needs.  We can
 555             deploy all of the environment into one box which is of
 556             course not a very good idea from a security point of view,
 557             but will function just fine.  Moreover, we will be using
 558             aliased IP addresses so once you've decided to move the
 559             FreeRADIUS daemon to another computer on the LAN it will
 560             be fairly easy and won't take too much configuration into
 561             it.</para>
 562
 563           <para>Next, we need to setup the IP pool that L2TPns will
 564             provide to each VPN client.  The configuration file is
 565             located at <filename>/etc/l2tpns/ip_pool</filename> and
 566             should look like the following:
 567             <programlisting>172.16.21.0/24</programlisting>
 568           </para>
 569
 570           <important>
 571             <para>Of course you can change this pool to anything else
 572               (IANA IPs assigned for private internets only) just make
 573               sure it is not conflicting with your current LAN network
 574               addresses.  This means that if you've assigned addresses
 575               of 192.168.0.1 and 192.168.0.2 to your LAN boxes you
 576               can't have a pool of 192.168.0.1/24 defined since L2TPns
 577               will try to route those addresses from the tun device,
 578               which is needless to say a bad idea...</para>
 579           </important>
 580
 581           <para>Next up, creating the access-list for L2TPns.</para>
 582
 583           <para>Add a username and password into
 584             <filename>/etc/l2tpns/users</filename>:
 585             <programlisting>admin:12345</programlisting>
 586
 587             The password may either be plain-text as above, or
 588             encrypted with MD5 or DES (to distinguish DES from
 589             plain-text passwords, prefix the value with
 590             <code>{crypt}</code>).</para>
 591
 592           <para>L2TPns utilizes a terminal connection on port 23 which you
 593             would feel very comfortable in if you have worked with
 594             routers and switches devices before.  The terminal
 595             provides control over the ppp termination which is why
 596             we've created an account to log on to.</para>
 597         </sect4>
 598       </sect3>
 599
 600       <sect3 id="deployment-installation-ipsec">
 601         <title>IPsec</title>
 602         <sect4 id="deployment-installation-ipsec-install">
 603           <title>Installation</title>
 604           <para>User-space IPsec tools for various IPsec implementations
 605             exist for linux, among them is the port of KAME's
 606             libipsec, setkey, and racoon.  Others are the OpenSWAN (a
 607             successor to the FreeSWAN project).</para>
 608
 609           <para>Getting IPsec installed is fairly easy with Debian:
 610             <screen># apt-get install openswan</screen>
 611           </para>
 612
 613           <para>The OpenSWAN project provides packages for RPM-based
 614             distributions.</para>
 615
 616           <para>Alternately, you may download the
 617             <ulink url="http://www.openswan.org/code/">source</ulink>
 618             from the OpenSWAN project:
 619
 620             <screen># tar xvzf openswan-2.4.4.tar.gz
 621 # cd openswan-2.4.4
 622 # ./configure &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; make install</screen>
 623           </para>
 624         </sect4>
 625
 626         <sect4 id="deployment-installation-ipsec-config">
 627           <title>Configuration</title>
 628           <para>OpenSWAN acts as the IKE daemon (remember IKE?  it's
 629             job is to authenticate between the two peers and negotiate
 630             a secure medium).  We will be setting up the IKE daemon as
 631             a RoadWarrior configuration, a term for remote access
 632             VPNs.</para>
 633
 634           <para>We desire this approach for compatibilty because after
 635             our VPN solution will be complete any user from a Windows
 636             machine will be easily ready to connect without any 3rd
 637             party applications, same for Linux.</para>
 638
 639           <para>Configuration files are placed in
 640             <filename>/etc/ipsec.d/</filename>,
 641             <filename>/etc/ipsec.conf</filename> and
 642             <filename>/etc/ipsec.secrets</filename>.</para>
 643
 644           <para>Let's start by choosing the remote client and it's PSK
 645             (Private Shared Key) <filename>/etc/ipsec.secrets</filename>:
 646             <programlisting>hostname_or_ipaddress %any : PSK "mysecretkeyisverylong"</programlisting>
 647           </para>
 648
 649           <para>This is an IP/key pair.  The IP or FQDN defines the
 650             local peer (like a SOHO branch), then the remote host.
 651             Here we defined %any for all hosts, though it's possible
 652             to define only a specific IP.  At last, we define the key
 653             associated with it.</para>
 654
 655           <para>A better way to create a key is to utilize /dev/random
 656             for creating a unique key.
 657             <screen># dd if=/dev/random count=16 bs=1 2>/dev/null | xxd -ps</screen>
 658           </para>
 659
 660           <para>Next, let's prepare the configuration file
 661             <filename>/etc/ipsec.conf</filename>:
 662             <programlisting>version 2.0
 663 config setup
 664      nat_traversal=yes
 665
 666 conn l2tp
 667      authby=secret
 668      pfs=no
 669      keyingtries=3
 670      left=real_ip_address
 671      leftnexthop=%defaultroute
 672      leftprotoport=17/%any
 673      right=%any
 674      rightprotoport=17/%any
 675      auto=add
 676
 677 include /etc/ipsec.d/examples/no_oe.conf</programlisting>
 678           </para>
 679
 680           <para>In this file we have first defined version 2 which is
 681             a must, then enabled NAT Traversal.  To understand the
 682             importance of this feature think of the following
 683             scenario:  A remote user attempts to connect while he's
 684             behind a router and there-fore NATed.  The router has to
 685             de-encapsulate the packet, change things and then build
 686             it up again and send it.  IPsec doesn't like other people
 687             messing with it's packet.  That's why we solve this issue
 688             with NAT Traversal.</para>
 689
 690           <para>Next up we configure authentication type (certificates,
 691             psk, rsa keys, etc) then the left and right peers.  The
 692             default mode OpenSWAN takes is tunnel unless told
 693             otherwise.  I won't go into in-depth explanation of every
 694             method, you can take a quick look at
 695             <filename>/etc/ipsec.d/examples</filename> for more
 696             explanation and other variations of working with RSA keys,
 697             Certificates, host-to-host, and more.</para>
 698
 699           <para>In summary:
 700             <itemizedlist>
 701               <listitem>
 702                 <para>We've configured an almost complete IPsec VPN
 703                   setup.</para>
 704               </listitem>
 705
 706               <listitem>
 707                 <para>We've installed and configured a VPN server
 708                   (L2TPns) and our IPsec security suite.</para>
 709               </listitem>
 710
 711               <listitem>
 712                 <para>To control both of them we use:
 713                   <filename>/etc/init.d/l2tpns</filename> and
 714                   <filename>/etc/init.d/racoon</filename> (location
 715                   of start-up scripts may vary on non-Debian systems,
 716                   or if you've installed from
 717                   source).</para>
 718               </listitem>
 719             </itemizedlist>
 720           </para>
 721         </sect4>
 722       </sect3>
 723
 724       <sect3 id="deployment-installation-freeradius">
 725         <title>FreeRADIUS</title>
 726         <para>The VPN setup needs to authenticate against something,
 727           that is the users database which we chose to be a FreeRADIUS
 728           server backed with a MySQL database.</para>
 729
 730         <sect4 id="deployment-installation-freeradius-install">
 731           <title>Installation</title>
 732           <blockquote>
 733             <para>FreeRADIUS is the premiere open source RADIUS
 734             server.  While detailed statistics are not available, we
 735             believe that FreeRADIUS is well within the top 5 RADIUS
 736             servers world-wide, in terms of the number of people who
 737             use it daily for authentication.  It scales from embedded
 738             systems with small amounts of memory, to systems with
 739             millions of users.  It is fast, flexible, configurable,
 740             and supports more authentication protocols than many
 741             commercial servers.</para>
 742           </blockquote>
 743
 744           <para>Installing on Debian:
 745             <screen># apt-get install freeradius freeradius-mysql</screen>
 746           </para>
 747
 748           <para>From source:  Download the latest freeradius package from
 749             <ulink url="http://freeradius.org/getting.html">freeradius.org
 750             </ulink>
 751             <screen># tar xvzf freeradius.tar.gz
 752 # cd freeradius
 753 # ./configure &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; make install</screen>
 754           </para>
 755         </sect4>
 756
 757         <sect4 id="deployment-installation-freeradius-config">
 758           <title>Configuration</title>
 759           <para>This will appear a bit complex but it isn't, it's just
 760             a lot of configuration.</para>
 761
 762           <para>Following are the configurations you need to have in your
 763             <filename>/etc/freeradius/</filename> files.</para>
 764
 765           <para>In this section I will not give you a dump of the
 766             configuration since they are very long and mostly default.
 767             I'll just post which changes to make.</para>
 768
 769           <para>We haven't yet configured MySQL, but it'll come
 770             afterwards, don't worry.</para>
 771
 772           <para>Make the following changes to the file
 773             <filename>/etc/freeradius/sql.conf</filename>:
 774             <programlisting>server = "192.168.0.1"
 775 login = "radius"
 776 password = "12345678"</programlisting>
 777           </para>
 778
 779           <para>Add the following to the file
 780             <filename>/etc/freeradius/clients.conf</filename>:
 781               <programlisting>client 192.168.0.1 {
 782         secret    = my_secret
 783         shortname = localhost
 784         nastype   = other
 785 }</programlisting>
 786           </para>
 787
 788           <para>Don't confuse the secret directive there with IPsec.
 789             RADIUS server are using secret keys also to identify their
 790             allowed NAS (Network Access Servers), these are the
 791             clients that talk to the RADIUS server.</para>
 792
 793           <para>Also, change the <code>client 127.0.0.1 {}</code>
 794             directive to hold the secret "my_secret" like we
 795             configured for 192.168.0.1 to avoid conflicts.</para>
 796
 797           <para>Uncomment the <code>sql</code> directive in the
 798             <code>authorize</code>, <code>accounting</code>, and
 799             <code>session</code> sections of
 800             <filename>/etc/freeradius/radiusd.conf</filename>.</para>
 801
 802           <para>Now for populating FreeRADIUS with MySQL.  If you
 803             don't know or haven't set root password for MySQL you can
 804             do it now with:
 805             <screen># mysqladmin -u root password password_here</screen>
 806
 807             Then add the following to
 808             <filename>/root/.my.cnf</filename>:
 809
 810             <programlisting>[mysqladmin]
 811 user = root
 812 password = password_here</programlisting>
 813           </para>
 814
 815           <para>Create the <code>radius</code> database, using the
 816             schema given in
 817             <filename>/usr/share/doc/freeradius/examples/db_mysql.sql.gz
 818             </filename>.</para>
 819
 820           <note>
 821             <para>It may be necessary to modify the column definition
 822               of <code>id</code> in the <code>nas</code> table,
 823               removing <code>DEFAULT '0'</code> such that the
 824               definition reads:
 825
 826               <programlisting>id int(10) NOT NULL auto_increment,</programlisting>
 827             </para>
 828           </note>
 829
 830           <screen># mysqladmin create radius
 831 # mysql radius
 832 mysql> source db_mysql.sql
 833 mysql> GRANT ALL ON * TO 'radius'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'radius_password';</screen>
 834
 835           <para>All the configuration is now done.  Let's add a user
 836             to our VPN database.
 837             <screen># mysql radius
 838 mysql> INSERT INTO radcheck values (0, "test", "User-Password", "==", "1234");</screen>
 839           </para>
 840
 841           <para>We have now created a user in the database of username
 842             <code>test</code> and password <code>1234</code>.</para>
 843
 844           <para>Testing the RADIUS setup is simple using the radtest
 845             utility provided with it.
 846             <screen># radtest
 847 Usage: radtest user passwd radius-server[:port] nas-port-number secret [ppphint] [nasname]
 848 # radtest test 1234 192.168.0.1 1812 my_secret</screen>
 849           </para>
 850
 851           <para>radtest sends an Access-Request to the RADIUS server
 852             and expects an Access-Accept back from it.  If you're not
 853             getting an Access-Accept from the RADIUS you're advised to
 854             check the configuration again and see what you might have
 855             missed.</para>
 856         </sect4>
 857       </sect3>
 858
 859       <sect3 id="deployment-installation-firewall">
 860         <title>Firewall Configuration</title>
 861         <para>We need to apply a few things to iptables configuration
 862           and kernel networking.</para>
 863
 864         <para>First off, we need to accept VPN-specific packets
 865           through the firewall.  Of course you will have to adjust the
 866           rules to fits you needs, in this case, ppp0 is the Internet
 867           interface.
 868           <screen># iptables --append INPUT --in-interface  ppp0 -p udp --dport 1701 -j ACCEPT
 869 # iptables --append INPUT --in-interface  ppp0 -p udp --dport 500 -j ACCEPT
 870 # iptables --append INPUT --in-interface  ppp0 -p udp --dport 4500 -j ACCEPT
 871 # iptables --append INPUT --in-interface  ppp0 -p 50 -j ACCEPT</screen>
 872         </para>
 873
 874         <para>If you haven't setup your Linux box as a gateway yet
 875           then you have to allow forwarding/masqing for the boxes on
 876           the LAN (and therefore for the VPN clients):
 877           <screen># iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --out-interface ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
 878 # iptables --append FORWARD --in-interface eth0 -j ACCEPT
 879 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</screen>
 880         </para>
 881       </sect3>
 882     </sect2>
 883   </sect1>
 884
 885   <sect1 id="references">
 886     <title>References</title>
 887     <variablelist>
 888       <varlistentry>
 889         <term>VPN Reference</term>
 890         <listitem>
 891           <para>
 892             <ulink url="http://www.jacco2.dds.nl/networking/freeswan-l2tp.html"></ulink>
 893           </para>
 894         </listitem>
 895       </varlistentry>
 896
 897       <varlistentry>
 898         <term>L2TPns Project</term>
 899         <listitem>
 900           <para><ulink url="http://l2tpns.sourceforge.net"></ulink></para>
 901         </listitem>
 902       </varlistentry>
 903
 904       <varlistentry>
 905         <term>OpenSWAN Project</term>
 906         <listitem>
 907           <para><ulink url="http://www.openswan.org"></ulink></para>
 908         </listitem>
 909       </varlistentry>
 910     </variablelist>
 911   </sect1>
 912 </article>